Scientists have developed a new bionic computer chip that can be mated with human cells to combat disease. The tiny device, smaller and thinner than a strand of hair, combines a healthy human cell with an electronic circuitry chip. Doctors can control the activity of the cell by controlling the chip with a computer.

It has long been established that cell membranes become permeable when exposed to electrical impulses. Researchers have conducted genetic research for years with a trial -and- error process of bombarding cells with electricity in an attempt to introduce foreign substances such as new drug treatments or genetic material. They were unable to apply a particular level of voltage for a particular purpose. With the new invention, the computer sends electrical impulses to the chip, which triggers the cell’s membrane pores to open and activate the cell in order to correct diseased tissues. It permits physicians to open a cell’s pores with control. 

Researchers hope that eventually they will be able to develop more advanced chips whereby they can choose a particular voltage to activate particular tissues, whether they are muscle, bone, brain, or others. They believe that they will be able to implant multiple chips into a person to deal with one problem or more than one problem.

The word triggers in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to…

Scientists have developed a new bionic computer chip that can be mated with human cells to combat disease. The tiny device, smaller and thinner than a strand of hair, combines a healthy human cell with an electronic circuitry chip. Doctors can control the activity of the cell by controlling the chip with a computer.

It has long been established that cell membranes become permeable when exposed to electrical impulses. Researchers have conducted genetic research for years with a trial -and- error process of bombarding cells with electricity in an attempt to introduce foreign substances such as new drug treatments or genetic material. They were unable to apply a particular level of voltage for a particular purpose. With the new invention, the computer sends electrical impulses to the chip, which triggers the cell’s membrane pores to open and activate the cell in order to correct diseased tissues. It permits physicians to open a cell’s pores with control. 

Researchers hope that eventually they will be able to develop more advanced chips whereby they can choose a particular voltage to activate particular tissues, whether they are muscle, bone, brain, or others. They believe that they will be able to implant multiple chips into a person to deal with one problem or more than one problem.

The author indicates that it is expected doctors will be able to….

Scientists have developed a new bionic computer chip that can be mated with human cells to combat disease. The tiny device, smaller and thinner than a strand of hair, combines a healthy human cell with an electronic circuitry chip. Doctors can control the activity of the cell by controlling the chip with a computer.

It has long been established that cell membranes become permeable when exposed to electrical impulses. Researchers have conducted genetic research for years with a trial -and- error process of bombarding cells with electricity in an attempt to introduce foreign substances such as new drug treatments or genetic material. They were unable to apply a particular level of voltage for a particular purpose. With the new invention, the computer sends electrical impulses to the chip, which triggers the cell’s membrane pores to open and activate the cell in order to correct diseased tissues. It permits physicians to open a cell’s pores with control. 

Researchers hope that eventually they will be able to develop more advanced chips whereby they can choose a particular voltage to activate particular tissues, whether they are muscle, bone, brain, or others. They believe that they will be able to implant multiple chips into a person to deal with one problem or more than one problem.

What is the main idea of the text?

Experts share practical tips on how to combat cancer among Indonesian children. Andrew Maruli David Manullang was a boisterous 11-year-old when he began experiencing fatigue and drastic weight loss in early 2000. These symptoms were accompanied by recurrent fevers and stomach aches, which made him weaker. “We initially thought that he was just stressed at school,” the boy’s mother, Pinta Manullang, said during an interview at the cultural center of the United States, @america in Jakarta, on Feb. 3. But when these symptoms continued, Pinta took her eldest son to a doctor.

A blood test revealed that Andrew had an abnormally high leukocyte count. The doctor then conducted a bone marrow aspiration and diagnosed the boy with leukemia. Pinta and her husband cried the whole night after receiving the news. “Anyone receiving a cancer diagnosis would definitely feel their world is collapsing, especially parents of a child with cancer,” Sylviana Andinisari, member of the cancer and blood disorder working team of the Health Ministry’s non-communicable diseases directorate, said during a talk show at @america, Jakarta, on Feb 3. Fifty percent of children with cancer are diagnosed late, significantly impacting their survival rates. “A lot of people still believe that cancer only happens to adults, when actually children can also have it,” Edi Setiawan Tehuteru, pediatric oncologist-hematologist at Tzu Chi Hospital, Jakarta, said. “The youngest I’ve personally diagnosed with cancer was a two-month-old baby,” the doctor added.

Due to the late diagnosis, only 20 percent of children with cancer are cured and make it to adulthood. According to World Health Organization data, a vast 8,677 Indonesian children between 0-14 years old were diagnosed with cancer in 2020. This number was also the highest among Southeast Asian countries. Yet Indonesia only has 60 pediatric oncologists-hematologists and 14 hospitals that can handle childhood cancer. Most of these specialists and hospitals are located in Java.

Early diagnosis is key to survival while adults can avoid some types of cancers by practicing a healthy lifestyle, childhood cancers are unpreventable. “There is no prevention of childhood cancers,” Edi said. “And [doctors] still don’t know the exact cause. But it is presumed that [childhood cancers] are caused by the interaction of four factors, which are genetics, chemicals, infections and radiation.” As with most diseases, early diagnosis is key to fighting childhood cancers. Be aware According to the oncologist, it is important that parents become vigilant of any cancer symptoms that might be experienced by their children. “When you start having children, you should always watch out for any abnormalities in your children’s bodies,” Edi said. “Some of them might lead to cancer.” Among the most common childhood cancer symptoms are sudden weight loss and fatigue, as Pinta’s son experienced. “Cancer cells are very clever,” the oncologist said. “They produce a substance that triggers the growth of new blood vessels, which absorb nutrients from all the food eaten by the children, causing them to become thin and weak.”

Parents should also be wary when their children start experiencing unexplained bruises and nosebleeds, which are the usual symptoms of leukemia. Leukemia is currently the most common cancer among children globally, including in Indonesia. Think the worst Children developing brain cancer often experience intense nausea and vomiting. “Vomiting from brain cancer is usually very severe and is often projectile vomiting,” Edi explained. Meanwhile, a white spot in the pupil of your child’s eye might signify that they have retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that starts in the retina. “If you see (the white spot in the pupil of the eye), immediately take your child to an ophthalmologist,” Edi said. “The doctor can confirm whether it’s cancer with a simple device called an ophthalmoscope.”

There are three main cancer treatments: chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.   “What often happens in Indonesia is that parents, who fear the side effects of the treatments, take their child to consult a dukun [shaman],” Sylviana said. “They would only return to the (medical) doctor when the [shaman’] therapy doesn’t work and their child’s condition has become worse.” “By then, it’s usually too late to do anything,” Sylviana added. Cancer treatments indeed have horrible side effects on patients. “Chemotherapy […] doesn’t only attack cancerous cells, but also normal cells that grow rapidly, such as hair and gastrointestinal cells, causing balding, diarrhea and vomiting,” the oncologist said. “But now, we already have drugs to alleviate these side effects.” Work together “It’s not easy for both the child and parents to experience this,” Pinta Manullang reminisced. “But first of all, parents have to accept the situation and encourage their kid in facing it.” To encourage their 11-year-old son to undergo cancer treatment that often left him feeling sicker, Pinta explained the situation to Andrew in simple language and made him understand that these treatments were necessary to combat his disease. “Anyo [Andrew’s nickname] was a courageous boy,” Pinta said. “Despite his treatment and the many side-effects, he kept going to school and became an inspiration for his schoolmates.”  (Source The Jakarta Post)

The side effects of chemotherapy treatment including...

Experts share practical tips on how to combat cancer among Indonesian children. Andrew Maruli David Manullang was a boisterous 11-year-old when he began experiencing fatigue and drastic weight loss in early 2000. These symptoms were accompanied by recurrent fevers and stomach aches, which made him weaker. “We initially thought that he was just stressed at school,” the boy’s mother, Pinta Manullang, said during an interview at the cultural center of the United States, @america in Jakarta, on Feb. 3. But when these symptoms continued, Pinta took her eldest son to a doctor.

A blood test revealed that Andrew had an abnormally high leukocyte count. The doctor then conducted a bone marrow aspiration and diagnosed the boy with leukemia. Pinta and her husband cried the whole night after receiving the news. “Anyone receiving a cancer diagnosis would definitely feel their world is collapsing, especially parents of a child with cancer,” Sylviana Andinisari, member of the cancer and blood disorder working team of the Health Ministry’s non-communicable diseases directorate, said during a talk show at @america, Jakarta, on Feb 3. Fifty percent of children with cancer are diagnosed late, significantly impacting their survival rates. “A lot of people still believe that cancer only happens to adults, when actually children can also have it,” Edi Setiawan Tehuteru, pediatric oncologist-hematologist at Tzu Chi Hospital, Jakarta, said. “The youngest I’ve personally diagnosed with cancer was a two-month-old baby,” the doctor added.

Due to the late diagnosis, only 20 percent of children with cancer are cured and make it to adulthood. According to World Health Organization data, a vast 8,677 Indonesian children between 0-14 years old were diagnosed with cancer in 2020. This number was also the highest among Southeast Asian countries. Yet Indonesia only has 60 pediatric oncologists-hematologists and 14 hospitals that can handle childhood cancer. Most of these specialists and hospitals are located in Java.

Early diagnosis is key to survival while adults can avoid some types of cancers by practicing a healthy lifestyle, childhood cancers are unpreventable. “There is no prevention of childhood cancers,” Edi said. “And [doctors] still don’t know the exact cause. But it is presumed that [childhood cancers] are caused by the interaction of four factors, which are genetics, chemicals, infections and radiation.” As with most diseases, early diagnosis is key to fighting childhood cancers. Be aware According to the oncologist, it is important that parents become vigilant of any cancer symptoms that might be experienced by their children. “When you start having children, you should always watch out for any abnormalities in your children’s bodies,” Edi said. “Some of them might lead to cancer.” Among the most common childhood cancer symptoms are sudden weight loss and fatigue, as Pinta’s son experienced. “Cancer cells are very clever,” the oncologist said. “They produce a substance that triggers the growth of new blood vessels, which absorb nutrients from all the food eaten by the children, causing them to become thin and weak.”

Parents should also be wary when their children start experiencing unexplained bruises and nosebleeds, which are the usual symptoms of leukemia. Leukemia is currently the most common cancer among children globally, including in Indonesia. Think the worst Children developing brain cancer often experience intense nausea and vomiting. “Vomiting from brain cancer is usually very severe and is often projectile vomiting,” Edi explained. Meanwhile, a white spot in the pupil of your child’s eye might signify that they have retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that starts in the retina. “If you see (the white spot in the pupil of the eye), immediately take your child to an ophthalmologist,” Edi said. “The doctor can confirm whether it’s cancer with a simple device called an ophthalmoscope.”

There are three main cancer treatments: chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.   “What often happens in Indonesia is that parents, who fear the side effects of the treatments, take their child to consult a dukun [shaman],” Sylviana said. “They would only return to the (medical) doctor when the [shaman’] therapy doesn’t work and their child’s condition has become worse.” “By then, it’s usually too late to do anything,” Sylviana added. Cancer treatments indeed have horrible side effects on patients. “Chemotherapy […] doesn’t only attack cancerous cells, but also normal cells that grow rapidly, such as hair and gastrointestinal cells, causing balding, diarrhea and vomiting,” the oncologist said. “But now, we already have drugs to alleviate these side effects.” Work together “It’s not easy for both the child and parents to experience this,” Pinta Manullang reminisced. “But first of all, parents have to accept the situation and encourage their kid in facing it.” To encourage their 11-year-old son to undergo cancer treatment that often left him feeling sicker, Pinta explained the situation to Andrew in simple language and made him understand that these treatments were necessary to combat his disease. “Anyo [Andrew’s nickname] was a courageous boy,” Pinta said. “Despite his treatment and the many side-effects, he kept going to school and became an inspiration for his schoolmates.”  (Source The Jakarta Post)

” Among the most common childhood cancer symptoms are sudden weight loss and fatigue.” The word fatigue has the closest meaning to ...

Experts share practical tips on how to combat cancer among Indonesian children. Andrew Maruli David Manullang was a boisterous 11-year-old when he began experiencing fatigue and drastic weight loss in early 2000. These symptoms were accompanied by recurrent fevers and stomach aches, which made him weaker. “We initially thought that he was just stressed at school,” the boy’s mother, Pinta Manullang, said during an interview at the cultural center of the United States, @america in Jakarta, on Feb. 3. But when these symptoms continued, Pinta took her eldest son to a doctor.

A blood test revealed that Andrew had an abnormally high leukocyte count. The doctor then conducted a bone marrow aspiration and diagnosed the boy with leukemia. Pinta and her husband cried the whole night after receiving the news. “Anyone receiving a cancer diagnosis would definitely feel their world is collapsing, especially parents of a child with cancer,” Sylviana Andinisari, member of the cancer and blood disorder working team of the Health Ministry’s non-communicable diseases directorate, said during a talk show at @america, Jakarta, on Feb 3. Fifty percent of children with cancer are diagnosed late, significantly impacting their survival rates. “A lot of people still believe that cancer only happens to adults, when actually children can also have it,” Edi Setiawan Tehuteru, pediatric oncologist-hematologist at Tzu Chi Hospital, Jakarta, said. “The youngest I’ve personally diagnosed with cancer was a two-month-old baby,” the doctor added.

Due to the late diagnosis, only 20 percent of children with cancer are cured and make it to adulthood. According to World Health Organization data, a vast 8,677 Indonesian children between 0-14 years old were diagnosed with cancer in 2020. This number was also the highest among Southeast Asian countries. Yet Indonesia only has 60 pediatric oncologists-hematologists and 14 hospitals that can handle childhood cancer. Most of these specialists and hospitals are located in Java.

Early diagnosis is key to survival while adults can avoid some types of cancers by practicing a healthy lifestyle, childhood cancers are unpreventable. “There is no prevention of childhood cancers,” Edi said. “And [doctors] still don’t know the exact cause. But it is presumed that [childhood cancers] are caused by the interaction of four factors, which are genetics, chemicals, infections and radiation.” As with most diseases, early diagnosis is key to fighting childhood cancers. Be aware According to the oncologist, it is important that parents become vigilant of any cancer symptoms that might be experienced by their children. “When you start having children, you should always watch out for any abnormalities in your children’s bodies,” Edi said. “Some of them might lead to cancer.” Among the most common childhood cancer symptoms are sudden weight loss and fatigue, as Pinta’s son experienced. “Cancer cells are very clever,” the oncologist said. “They produce a substance that triggers the growth of new blood vessels, which absorb nutrients from all the food eaten by the children, causing them to become thin and weak.”

Parents should also be wary when their children start experiencing unexplained bruises and nosebleeds, which are the usual symptoms of leukemia. Leukemia is currently the most common cancer among children globally, including in Indonesia. Think the worst Children developing brain cancer often experience intense nausea and vomiting. “Vomiting from brain cancer is usually very severe and is often projectile vomiting,” Edi explained. Meanwhile, a white spot in the pupil of your child’s eye might signify that they have retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that starts in the retina. “If you see (the white spot in the pupil of the eye), immediately take your child to an ophthalmologist,” Edi said. “The doctor can confirm whether it’s cancer with a simple device called an ophthalmoscope.”

There are three main cancer treatments: chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.   “What often happens in Indonesia is that parents, who fear the side effects of the treatments, take their child to consult a dukun [shaman],” Sylviana said. “They would only return to the (medical) doctor when the [shaman’] therapy doesn’t work and their child’s condition has become worse.” “By then, it’s usually too late to do anything,” Sylviana added. Cancer treatments indeed have horrible side effects on patients. “Chemotherapy […] doesn’t only attack cancerous cells, but also normal cells that grow rapidly, such as hair and gastrointestinal cells, causing balding, diarrhea and vomiting,” the oncologist said. “But now, we already have drugs to alleviate these side effects.” Work together “It’s not easy for both the child and parents to experience this,” Pinta Manullang reminisced. “But first of all, parents have to accept the situation and encourage their kid in facing it.” To encourage their 11-year-old son to undergo cancer treatment that often left him feeling sicker, Pinta explained the situation to Andrew in simple language and made him understand that these treatments were necessary to combat his disease. “Anyo [Andrew’s nickname] was a courageous boy,” Pinta said. “Despite his treatment and the many side-effects, he kept going to school and became an inspiration for his schoolmates.”  (Source The Jakarta Post)

From the passage, the Oncologists attitude toward the cancer treatment is ...

Experts share practical tips on how to combat cancer among Indonesian children. Andrew Maruli David Manullang was a boisterous 11-year-old when he began experiencing fatigue and drastic weight loss in early 2000. These symptoms were accompanied by recurrent fevers and stomach aches, which made him weaker. “We initially thought that he was just stressed at school,” the boy’s mother, Pinta Manullang, said during an interview at the cultural center of the United States, @america in Jakarta, on Feb. 3. But when these symptoms continued, Pinta took her eldest son to a doctor.

A blood test revealed that Andrew had an abnormally high leukocyte count. The doctor then conducted a bone marrow aspiration and diagnosed the boy with leukemia. Pinta and her husband cried the whole night after receiving the news. “Anyone receiving a cancer diagnosis would definitely feel their world is collapsing, especially parents of a child with cancer,” Sylviana Andinisari, member of the cancer and blood disorder working team of the Health Ministry’s non-communicable diseases directorate, said during a talk show at @america, Jakarta, on Feb 3. Fifty percent of children with cancer are diagnosed late, significantly impacting their survival rates. “A lot of people still believe that cancer only happens to adults, when actually children can also have it,” Edi Setiawan Tehuteru, pediatric oncologist-hematologist at Tzu Chi Hospital, Jakarta, said. “The youngest I’ve personally diagnosed with cancer was a two-month-old baby,” the doctor added.

Due to the late diagnosis, only 20 percent of children with cancer are cured and make it to adulthood. According to World Health Organization data, a vast 8,677 Indonesian children between 0-14 years old were diagnosed with cancer in 2020. This number was also the highest among Southeast Asian countries. Yet Indonesia only has 60 pediatric oncologists-hematologists and 14 hospitals that can handle childhood cancer. Most of these specialists and hospitals are located in Java.

Early diagnosis is key to survival while adults can avoid some types of cancers by practicing a healthy lifestyle, childhood cancers are unpreventable. “There is no prevention of childhood cancers,” Edi said. “And [doctors] still don’t know the exact cause. But it is presumed that [childhood cancers] are caused by the interaction of four factors, which are genetics, chemicals, infections and radiation.” As with most diseases, early diagnosis is key to fighting childhood cancers. Be aware According to the oncologist, it is important that parents become vigilant of any cancer symptoms that might be experienced by their children. “When you start having children, you should always watch out for any abnormalities in your children’s bodies,” Edi said. “Some of them might lead to cancer.” Among the most common childhood cancer symptoms are sudden weight loss and fatigue, as Pinta’s son experienced. “Cancer cells are very clever,” the oncologist said. “They produce a substance that triggers the growth of new blood vessels, which absorb nutrients from all the food eaten by the children, causing them to become thin and weak.”

Parents should also be wary when their children start experiencing unexplained bruises and nosebleeds, which are the usual symptoms of leukemia. Leukemia is currently the most common cancer among children globally, including in Indonesia. Think the worst Children developing brain cancer often experience intense nausea and vomiting. “Vomiting from brain cancer is usually very severe and is often projectile vomiting,” Edi explained. Meanwhile, a white spot in the pupil of your child’s eye might signify that they have retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that starts in the retina. “If you see (the white spot in the pupil of the eye), immediately take your child to an ophthalmologist,” Edi said. “The doctor can confirm whether it’s cancer with a simple device called an ophthalmoscope.”

There are three main cancer treatments: chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.   “What often happens in Indonesia is that parents, who fear the side effects of the treatments, take their child to consult a dukun [shaman],” Sylviana said. “They would only return to the (medical) doctor when the [shaman’] therapy doesn’t work and their child’s condition has become worse.” “By then, it’s usually too late to do anything,” Sylviana added. Cancer treatments indeed have horrible side effects on patients. “Chemotherapy […] doesn’t only attack cancerous cells, but also normal cells that grow rapidly, such as hair and gastrointestinal cells, causing balding, diarrhea and vomiting,” the oncologist said. “But now, we already have drugs to alleviate these side effects.” Work together “It’s not easy for both the child and parents to experience this,” Pinta Manullang reminisced. “But first of all, parents have to accept the situation and encourage their kid in facing it.” To encourage their 11-year-old son to undergo cancer treatment that often left him feeling sicker, Pinta explained the situation to Andrew in simple language and made him understand that these treatments were necessary to combat his disease. “Anyo [Andrew’s nickname] was a courageous boy,” Pinta said. “Despite his treatment and the many side-effects, he kept going to school and became an inspiration for his schoolmates.”  (Source The Jakarta Post)

The passage is about ...

Ozone depletion over North Pole produces weather anomalies

Many people are familiar with the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica, but what is less well known is that occasionally, the protective ozone in the stratosphere over the Arctic is destroyed as well, thinning the ozone layer there. This last happened in the spring months of 2020, and before that, in the spring of 2011.

Each time the ozone layer has been thinned out, climate researchers subsequently observed weather anomalies across the entire northern hemisphere. In central and northern Europe, Russia and especially in Siberia, those spring seasons were exceptionally warm and dry. In other areas, such as polar regions, however, wet conditions prevailed. These weather anomalies were particularly pronounced in 2020. Switzerland was also unusually warm and dry that spring.

Whether there is a causal relationship between stratospheric ozone destruction and the observed weather anomalies is a matter of debate in climate research. The polar vortex in the stratosphere, which forms in winter and decays in spring, also plays a role. Scientists who have studied the phenomenon so far have arrived at contradictory results and different conclusions.

New findings are now shedding light on the situation, thanks to doctoral student Marina Friedel and Swiss National Science Foundation Ambizione Fellow Gabriel Chiodo. Both are members of the group headed by Thomas Peter, Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry at ETH Zurich, and are collaborating with Princeton University and other institutions.

(adapted from: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/07/220707141840.htm)

The next paragraph of the writing would most probably discuss about….

Ozone depletion over North Pole produces weather anomalies

Many people are familiar with the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica, but what is less well known is that occasionally, the protective ozone in the stratosphere over the Arctic is destroyed as well, thinning the ozone layer there. This last happened in the spring months of 2020, and before that, in the spring of 2011.

Each time the ozone layer has been thinned out, climate researchers subsequently observed weather anomalies across the entire northern hemisphere. In central and northern Europe, Russia and especially in Siberia, those spring seasons were exceptionally warm and dry. In other areas, such as polar regions, however, wet conditions prevailed. These weather anomalies were particularly pronounced in 2020. Switzerland was also unusually warm and dry that spring.

Whether there is a causal relationship between stratospheric ozone destruction and the observed weather anomalies is a matter of debate in climate research. The polar vortex in the stratosphere, which forms in winter and decays in spring, also plays a role. Scientists who have studied the phenomenon so far have arrived at contradictory results and different conclusions.

New findings are now shedding light on the situation, thanks to doctoral student Marina Friedel and Swiss National Science Foundation Ambizione Fellow Gabriel Chiodo. Both are members of the group headed by Thomas Peter, Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry at ETH Zurich, and are collaborating with Princeton University and other institutions.

(adapted from: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/07/220707141840.htm)

“These weather anomalies were particularly pronounced in 2020.”

The italic word is closest in meaning to:

Ozone depletion over North Pole produces weather anomalies

Many people are familiar with the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica, but what is less well known is that occasionally, the protective ozone in the stratosphere over the Arctic is destroyed as well, thinning the ozone layer there. This last happened in the spring months of 2020, and before that, in the spring of 2011.

Each time the ozone layer has been thinned out, climate researchers subsequently observed weather anomalies across the entire northern hemisphere. In central and northern Europe, Russia and especially in Siberia, those spring seasons were exceptionally warm and dry. In other areas, such as polar regions, however, wet conditions prevailed. These weather anomalies were particularly pronounced in 2020. Switzerland was also unusually warm and dry that spring.

Whether there is a causal relationship between stratospheric ozone destruction and the observed weather anomalies is a matter of debate in climate research. The polar vortex in the stratosphere, which forms in winter and decays in spring, also plays a role. Scientists who have studied the phenomenon so far have arrived at contradictory results and different conclusions.

New findings are now shedding light on the situation, thanks to doctoral student Marina Friedel and Swiss National Science Foundation Ambizione Fellow Gabriel Chiodo. Both are members of the group headed by Thomas Peter, Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry at ETH Zurich, and are collaborating with Princeton University and other institutions.

(adapted from: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/07/220707141840.htm)

What does the text mainly discuss?

Regular physical activity – such as walking, cycling, or dancing – has significant benefits for health. For instance, it can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis, help control weight, and promote mental well-being.

Taking part in physical activity increases opportunities for socialization, networking and cultural identity. Physical activity has a positive influence on the community and society by promoting social interaction and cohesion.

Especially among children and young people, sports and other physical activities contribute to empowerment and self-confidence. Physical activity furthermore helps to prevent and control risk behaviour, such as the use of tobacco, alcohol and other substances, unhealthy diet and violence.

The promotion of physical activity also has a positive impact on the environment. For instance, promoting walking and cycling over the use of motorized transport reduces traffic congestion, air and noise pollution and the consumption of fossil fuels.

Regular physical activity may also benefit communities and economies through increased productivity in the workplace; lower worker absenteeism and turnover; and better performance in schools. In many countries a significant proportion of health spending is due to the costs of managing common non-communicable diseases that are associated with inadequate physical activity. Promoting physical activity can be a highly cost-effective and sustainable public health intervention.

Active living benefits health at all ages. It is especially important to the healthy development of children and young people, and active ageing can make a dramatic difference to the well-being of older people.

Having the opportunity to enjoy quality recreation is vital to the health and personal development of all individuals, regardless of gender, functional ability, cultural background, age or socioeconomic status.

(Taken from A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations)

In the passage the author mentions all of the following, EXCEPT…

Regular physical activity – such as walking, cycling, or dancing – has significant benefits for health. For instance, it can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis, help control weight, and promote mental well-being.

Taking part in physical activity increases opportunities for socialization, networking and cultural identity. Physical activity has a positive influence on the community and society by promoting social interaction and cohesion.

Especially among children and young people, sports and other physical activities contribute to empowerment and self-confidence. Physical activity furthermore helps to prevent and control risk behaviour, such as the use of tobacco, alcohol and other substances, unhealthy diet and violence.

The promotion of physical activity also has a positive impact on the environment. For instance, promoting walking and cycling over the use of motorized transport reduces traffic congestion, air and noise pollution and the consumption of fossil fuels.

Regular physical activity may also benefit communities and economies through increased productivity in the workplace; lower worker absenteeism and turnover; and better performance in schools. In many countries a significant proportion of health spending is due to the costs of managing common non-communicable diseases that are associated with inadequate physical activity. Promoting physical activity can be a highly cost-effective and sustainable public health intervention.

Active living benefits health at all ages. It is especially important to the healthy development of children and young people, and active ageing can make a dramatic difference to the well-being of older people.

Having the opportunity to enjoy quality recreation is vital to the health and personal development of all individuals, regardless of gender, functional ability, cultural background, age or socioeconomic status.

(Taken from A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations)

The author presents some advantages of regular physical activities by…

Regular physical activity – such as walking, cycling, or dancing – has significant benefits for health. For instance, it can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis, help control weight, and promote mental well-being.

Taking part in physical activity increases opportunities for socialization, networking and cultural identity. Physical activity has a positive influence on the community and society by promoting social interaction and cohesion.

Especially among children and young people, sports and other physical activities contribute to empowerment and self-confidence. Physical activity furthermore helps to prevent and control risk behaviour, such as the use of tobacco, alcohol and other substances, unhealthy diet and violence.

The promotion of physical activity also has a positive impact on the environment. For instance, promoting walking and cycling over the use of motorized transport reduces traffic congestion, air and noise pollution and the consumption of fossil fuels.

Regular physical activity may also benefit communities and economies through increased productivity in the workplace; lower worker absenteeism and turnover; and better performance in schools. In many countries a significant proportion of health spending is due to the costs of managing common non-communicable diseases that are associated with inadequate physical activity. Promoting physical activity can be a highly cost-effective and sustainable public health intervention.

Active living benefits health at all ages. It is especially important to the healthy development of children and young people, and active ageing can make a dramatic difference to the well-being of older people.

Having the opportunity to enjoy quality recreation is vital to the health and personal development of all individuals, regardless of gender, functional ability, cultural background, age or socioeconomic status.

(Taken from A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations)

The purpose of the passage is…

Forget what world leaders say if you want to understand what they would really up to, look at the painting that hang behind them at press conference and summit meetings, or when they pause with apparent spontaneity along a corridor to answer a reporter’s question. The silent stare of a poised portrait gazing at you over the shoulder of David Cameron or Vladimir Putin is often more loaded or more deliberately orchestrated than you might think. 

For example, President Obama’s recent trip to Cuba in March 2016 was considered his boldest step. His controversial agenda was to reset diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, it was a painting by a Cuban artist that (5)….. the show. Among the more awkward events on Obama’s Cuban itinerary was a meeting with a group of political dissidents, many of (6)….fear the thawing of relations between Washington and Havana will only embolden the repressive tendencies of the Cuban Presidents Raul Castro by legitimizing his resign. Enter Michael Carabal, a contemporary Cuban artist whose sprawling painting My New Friend provided the striking backdrop to the meeting.

The work stretched evocatively behind Obama as he sat at a long table to discuss the concern of the Cuban government’s detractors. It featured side-by-side representations of the Cuban and US flags constructed loosely of red, white, and blue handprints (7)….As a subliminal symbol capable of capturing , on the one hand the plight of those oppressed by the Cuban’s government, and on the other hand, Obama’s commitment to ending sanction against Cuba, the painting (8)…. The hasty blizzard of anonymous handprint has the feel of street art or something illicitly constructed: a compression of innocence that recall the clay molds made by children in kindergarten. At the same time, the two flags appear to be visual anagrams of each other. Each consists of the same handprint merely arranged in different combinations, as if subtly to imply that the countries are essentially inseparable.

(Paragraph 2 Number 6). The correct answer to fill the blank is….

Forget what world leaders say if you want to understand what they would really up to, look at the painting that hang behind them at press conference and summit meetings, or when they pause with apparent spontaneity along a corridor to answer a reporter’s question. The silent stare of a poised portrait gazing at you over the shoulder of David Cameron or Vladimir Putin is often more loaded or more deliberately orchestrated than you might think. 

For example, President Obama’s recent trip to Cuba in March 2016 was considered his boldest step. His controversial agenda was to reset diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, it was a painting by a Cuban artist that (5)….. the show. Among the more awkward events on Obama’s Cuban itinerary was a meeting with a group of political dissidents, many of (6)….fear the thawing of relations between Washington and Havana will only embolden the repressive tendencies of the Cuban Presidents Raul Castro by legitimizing his resign. Enter Michael Carabal, a contemporary Cuban artist whose sprawling painting My New Friend provided the striking backdrop to the meeting.

The work stretched evocatively behind Obama as he sat at a long table to discuss the concern of the Cuban government’s detractors. It featured side-by-side representations of the Cuban and US flags constructed loosely of red, white, and blue handprints (7)….As a subliminal symbol capable of capturing , on the one hand the plight of those oppressed by the Cuban’s government, and on the other hand, Obama’s commitment to ending sanction against Cuba, the painting (8)…. The hasty blizzard of anonymous handprint has the feel of street art or something illicitly constructed: a compression of innocence that recall the clay molds made by children in kindergarten. At the same time, the two flags appear to be visual anagrams of each other. Each consists of the same handprint merely arranged in different combinations, as if subtly to imply that the countries are essentially inseparable.

(Paragraph 2 number 5). The correct answer to fill the blank is….

Forget what world leaders say if you want to understand what they would really up to, look at the painting that hang behind them at press conference and summit meetings, or when they pause with apparent spontaneity along a corridor to answer a reporter’s question. The silent stare of a poised portrait gazing at you over the shoulder of David Cameron or Vladimir Putin is often more loaded or more deliberately orchestrated than you might think. 

For example, President Obama’s recent trip to Cuba in March 2016 was considered his boldest step. His controversial agenda was to reset diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, it was a painting by a Cuban artist that (5)….. the show. Among the more awkward events on Obama’s Cuban itinerary was a meeting with a group of political dissidents, many of (6)….fear the thawing of relations between Washington and Havana will only embolden the repressive tendencies of the Cuban Presidents Raul Castro by legitimizing his resign. Enter Michael Carabal, a contemporary Cuban artist whose sprawling painting My New Friend provided the striking backdrop to the meeting.

The work stretched evocatively behind Obama as he sat at a long table to discuss the concern of the Cuban government’s detractors. It featured side-by-side representations of the Cuban and US flags constructed loosely of red, white, and blue handprints (7)….As a subliminal symbol capable of capturing , on the one hand the plight of those oppressed by the Cuban’s government, and on the other hand, Obama’s commitment to ending sanction against Cuba, the painting (8)…. The hasty blizzard of anonymous handprint has the feel of street art or something illicitly constructed: a compression of innocence that recall the clay molds made by children in kindergarten. At the same time, the two flags appear to be visual anagrams of each other. Each consists of the same handprint merely arranged in different combinations, as if subtly to imply that the countries are essentially inseparable.

The italic phrases in the first paragraph means …

We are all familiar with the flu virus, this is the same virus that causes typically mild illness during the winter months, with the most common versions we normally encounter being the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. Subtypes for the flu are somewhat similar to the different variants of SARS-CoV-2; when a new variant or subtype starts spreading, chances are that previous vaccination or infection will no longer be as protective. The same is true for flu, previous infection or vaccination with an H3N2 subtype will likely not offer much protection against infection with an H5N1 subtype.

However, the H5N1 flu virus is quite different from the types of flu we normally think of. First, these viruses usually spread between birds, where it is often lethal, giving them the name Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAI), which includes H5N1 and other similar flu subtypes. Outbreaks of these viruses can have devastating effects on both wild and farmed bird flocks. Thankfully though, the H5N1 virus doesn’t spread to people very easily and even then, further person-to-person transmission is quite rare.

In 2022, the virus jumped from birds to farmed minks in Spain. There the virus caused severe illness in the minks, but also began to spread from animal to animal, something that hadn’t been seen before and may have been facilitated by the close confines the farmed animals are kept in.

The flu virus evolves quickly and so there were fears that rapid evolution of the virus in minks would result in a virus that could easily infect people. Thankfully, this didn’t happen, but we are seeing more and more cases of mammals infected with H5N1, from seals to bears, with some of these infections showing evidence of mutations that enable better growth and transmission in mammals.

The good news is that this evolution to a human-transmissible version of H5N1 is not a sure thing. We’ve been tracking these viruses since 1996 and despite many chances, the virus has never made this jump. Even with the significant increase in avian H5N1 outbreaks in recent years, the number of human cases has remained very low. It’s very possible it will never happen, that the virus is too well adapted to birds and that limits its ability to infect people.

(Taken from BBC Science Focus Magazine)

It can be inferred from the text that…

We are all familiar with the flu virus, this is the same virus that causes typically mild illness during the winter months, with the most common versions we normally encounter being the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. Subtypes for the flu are somewhat similar to the different variants of SARS-CoV-2; when a new variant or subtype starts spreading, chances are that previous vaccination or infection will no longer be as protective. The same is true for flu, previous infection or vaccination with an H3N2 subtype will likely not offer much protection against infection with an H5N1 subtype.

However, the H5N1 flu virus is quite different from the types of flu we normally think of. First, these viruses usually spread between birds, where it is often lethal, giving them the name Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAI), which includes H5N1 and other similar flu subtypes. Outbreaks of these viruses can have devastating effects on both wild and farmed bird flocks. Thankfully though, the H5N1 virus doesn’t spread to people very easily and even then, further person-to-person transmission is quite rare.

In 2022, the virus jumped from birds to farmed minks in Spain. There the virus caused severe illness in the minks, but also began to spread from animal to animal, something that hadn’t been seen before and may have been facilitated by the close confines the farmed animals are kept in.

The flu virus evolves quickly and so there were fears that rapid evolution of the virus in minks would result in a virus that could easily infect people. Thankfully, this didn’t happen, but we are seeing more and more cases of mammals infected with H5N1, from seals to bears, with some of these infections showing evidence of mutations that enable better growth and transmission in mammals.

The good news is that this evolution to a human-transmissible version of H5N1 is not a sure thing. We’ve been tracking these viruses since 1996 and despite many chances, the virus has never made this jump. Even with the significant increase in avian H5N1 outbreaks in recent years, the number of human cases has remained very low. It’s very possible it will never happen, that the virus is too well adapted to birds and that limits its ability to infect people.

(Taken from BBC Science Focus Magazine)

The author attitude regarding the evolution of the virus is…

We are all familiar with the flu virus, this is the same virus that causes typically mild illness during the winter months, with the most common versions we normally encounter being the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. Subtypes for the flu are somewhat similar to the different variants of SARS-CoV-2; when a new variant or subtype starts spreading, chances are that previous vaccination or infection will no longer be as protective. The same is true for flu, previous infection or vaccination with an H3N2 subtype will likely not offer much protection against infection with an H5N1 subtype.

However, the H5N1 flu virus is quite different from the types of flu we normally think of. First, these viruses usually spread between birds, where it is often lethal, giving them the name Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAI), which includes H5N1 and other similar flu subtypes. Outbreaks of these viruses can have devastating effects on both wild and farmed bird flocks. Thankfully though, the H5N1 virus doesn’t spread to people very easily and even then, further person-to-person transmission is quite rare.

In 2022, the virus jumped from birds to farmed minks in Spain. There the virus caused severe illness in the minks, but also began to spread from animal to animal, something that hadn’t been seen before and may have been facilitated by the close confines the farmed animals are kept in.

The flu virus evolves quickly and so there were fears that rapid evolution of the virus in minks would result in a virus that could easily infect people. Thankfully, this didn’t happen, but we are seeing more and more cases of mammals infected with H5N1, from seals to bears, with some of these infections showing evidence of mutations that enable better growth and transmission in mammals.

The good news is that this evolution to a human-transmissible version of H5N1 is not a sure thing. We’ve been tracking these viruses since 1996 and despite many chances, the virus has never made this jump. Even with the significant increase in avian H5N1 outbreaks in recent years, the number of human cases has remained very low. It’s very possible it will never happen, that the virus is too well adapted to birds and that limits its ability to infect people.

(Taken from BBC Science Focus Magazine)

Outbreaks of these viruses can have devastating effects on both wild and farmed bird flocks (P.2). The synonym of the underlined word is…

We are all familiar with the flu virus, this is the same virus that causes typically mild illness during the winter months, with the most common versions we normally encounter being the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. Subtypes for the flu are somewhat similar to the different variants of SARS-CoV-2; when a new variant or subtype starts spreading, chances are that previous vaccination or infection will no longer be as protective. The same is true for flu, previous infection or vaccination with an H3N2 subtype will likely not offer much protection against infection with an H5N1 subtype.

However, the H5N1 flu virus is quite different from the types of flu we normally think of. First, these viruses usually spread between birds, where it is often lethal, giving them the name Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAI), which includes H5N1 and other similar flu subtypes. Outbreaks of these viruses can have devastating effects on both wild and farmed bird flocks. Thankfully though, the H5N1 virus doesn’t spread to people very easily and even then, further person-to-person transmission is quite rare.

In 2022, the virus jumped from birds to farmed minks in Spain. There the virus caused severe illness in the minks, but also began to spread from animal to animal, something that hadn’t been seen before and may have been facilitated by the close confines the farmed animals are kept in.

The flu virus evolves quickly and so there were fears that rapid evolution of the virus in minks would result in a virus that could easily infect people. Thankfully, this didn’t happen, but we are seeing more and more cases of mammals infected with H5N1, from seals to bears, with some of these infections showing evidence of mutations that enable better growth and transmission in mammals.

The good news is that this evolution to a human-transmissible version of H5N1 is not a sure thing. We’ve been tracking these viruses since 1996 and despite many chances, the virus has never made this jump. Even with the significant increase in avian H5N1 outbreaks in recent years, the number of human cases has remained very low. It’s very possible it will never happen, that the virus is too well adapted to birds and that limits its ability to infect people.

What is the correlation between paragraph 2 and paragraph 5?